Rticipant prior to participation. two.1. Study Web page The Elizabeth River Trail (ERT) is the longest urban trail (16.9 km) in Norfolk, Virginia. Norfolk is often a extremely industrialized, main port city within the southeastern US, with a high concentration of low-income (20 below poverty line) and minority (57 ) populations, that are statistically more vulnerable to air pollution [26,43]. The ERT was chosen for this study as it runs along the Elizabeth River close to the Norfolk International Port and also the largest coal shipping terminal within the US. The nearby Norfolk Southern coal terminal receives over 200,000 coal automobiles annually, all uncovered and potentially-blowing an estimated 500 lbs. of coal dust off every car or truck [44]. Though a 2017 Virginia Department of Health study identified that PM10 near Lambert’s Point remained in the EPA’s “good” variety, neighborhood residents have repeatedly expressed concerns [45,46]. This makes independent monitoring of AQ Thiophanate-Methyl Technical Information conditions very important to understanding nearby AQ trends and impacts on recreationists’ possibilities. 2.2. Ambulatory AQ Monitoring For the first phase of this study, AQ data were collected in two-hour time blocks (i.e., 7 a.m., 91 a.m., 11 a.m. p.m., 1 p.m., and 3 p.m.) for ten weeks from September via November 2019. Stratified sampling (by day in the week and time of day) was utilized to make sure that an equal quantity of time blocks have been collected for every weekday and time block across the sampling period. A Dylos DC1700-PM AQ monitor (Dylos Corporation, Riverside, CA, USA) mounted to a bicycle was made use of to gather PM2.five and PM10 concentration simultaneously, in /m3 , sampling once per minute. The Dylos is really a laser particle counter that assesses particles crossing a sharp, defined optical volume, according to the quantity and intensity of scattering light signals triggered by each particle. Equating impulse intensity to particle size, the Dylos determines how numerous particles in each size variety are present [47]. Time and day of collection were staggered to ensure a representative sampling of AQ across the collection period and beneath various conditions. Considering the fact that collection in the whole trail length was from time to time not possible, collection was focused around the central section (highlighted in yellow on Figure 1), because of the fairly greater visitor use observed in this area by trail counters and also the presence of possible pollutant sources, for example the Norfolk Southern coal terminal at Lambert’s Point.Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1304 Atmosphere 2021, 12,four of 13 five ofFigure 1. Map of the Elizabeth River Trail with data collection section. Note: Original graphic creFigure 1. Map from the Elizabeth River Trail with information collection section. Note: Original graphic developed ated Google Maps. employing applying Google Maps.two.three. Visitor Survey two.4. Analyses For the second phase, a visitor use survey was distributed to visitors along the ERT in All analyses have been conducting making use of IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0 (Armonk, NY, USA), March 2020. The survey contained items connected to 0.05. Outliers were of health outcomes along with the criterion for statistical significance was p visitors’ perceptions not excluded, because of recreation (PHORs) and on the significance and overall performance of experientialmay reflect PM measurement and classification is usually imprecise, and apparent outliers variables, such as AQ information.AQ. Statistical assumptions for evaluation of variance (ANOVA) have been true variations in the PHORS, the AQ information were significantly measure perceived overall health outcomes, tested. Although a 13-item qu.
