EckMate-012 study, the cohort integrated 12 newly treated patients with asymptomatic NSCLC with BMs. Right after remedy with nivolumab alone, the ORR was 16.7 , the DCR was 16.7 , the median OS was 8.0 months, as well as the median PFS was 1.6 months [135]. A retrospective study from the nivolumab expanded access system incorporated sufferers with sophisticated lung squamous cell carcinoma (n = 371) and non-squamous NSCLC (n = 1588). The results showed that nivolumab has equivalent positive aspects in sophisticated lung squamous cell carcinoma and non-squamous cell NSCLC, PF-05381941 Epigenetic Reader Domain having a total DCR of 49 and 40 and CNS ORR of 19 and 17 , respectively [136]. The OAK study final results showed that compared with docetaxel, atezolizumab therapy of NSCLC BMs led to improved median OS (16.0 months vs. 11.9 months, HR = 0.74, p = 0.1633) and fewer reports of treatment-related AEs, really serious AEs, and treatment-related neurological AEs. Atezolizumab also had demonstrated preventive effects against new BMs (median time to new brain metastases: 9.five months, HR = 0.38, p = 0.0239) [137]. In the phase II clinical FIR study, the ORR of 13 asymptomatic individuals with NSCLC BMs treated with atezolizumab was 23 , as well as the median OS and median PFS were six.eight months and 4.three months, respectively [120]. Monotherapy can straight determine the efficacy of a drug. These tiny sample sizes and potential studies recommend that the short-term efficacy of ICIs within the treatment of intracranial lesions in individuals with NSCLC BM is comparable to that of extracranial lesions; having said that, the PFS and OS are shorter, which could possibly be as a consequence of the smaller sample bias. Also, patients with symptomatic BMs are generally excluded from clinical research. TheCells 2021, ten,9 ofefficacy of ICI monotherapy for NSCLC BMs needs to be further confirmed in large-sample potential studies. five.2. Treatment Progress of ICI Monotherapy Combined with Chemotherapy/Radiotherapy for NSCLC CNS Metastasis A retrospective study showed that pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone can boost the ORR of sufferers with BMs (80 vs. 58.3 , p = 0.75) and lessen the progression rate of BMs (33.3 vs. 91.7 , p = 0.009) [138]. The KEYNOTE189 study, which incorporated 108 sufferers with EGFR/ALK-negative non-squamous NSCLC BMs, reported that pembrolizumab combined with platinum and pemetrexed considerably improved the OS compared with chemotherapy alone (19.2 months vs. 7.5 months) [139]. The 2019 ASCO meeting retrospectively analyzed the information of 13,998 sufferers with NSCLC from the National Cancer Database, and it showed that patients with NSCLC BMs treated with immunotherapy plus intracranial radiotherapy had a longer median OS than patients treated with intracranial radiotherapy alone (13.1 months vs. 9.7 months) [140]. The results from the retrospective analysis with the American Hopkins Hospital on SRS/SRT remedy of tumor patients with BMs also recommended that immunotherapy combined with simultaneous SRS/SRT can strengthen OS and cut down the incidence of new BMs [141]. The time window for radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy is worth exploring. A retrospective study by the Moffitt Cancer Center in the United states showed that immunotherapy combined with radiotherapy, particularly receiving SRS just before or simultaneously with immunotherapy, can Ethaselen supplier drastically increase the intracranial manage rate compared with radiotherapy alone (57 vs. 0 ) [142]. In terms of security, a retrospective study of 54 patients with NSCLC BMs showed that there was no signific.
