And Ichiro Kamei3Graduate College of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki
And Ichiro Kamei3Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; gb14025@student.(-)-Irofulven Apoptosis miyazaki-u.ac.jp (N.S.); [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (I.K.) Graduate College of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (K.F.) Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; takabe.keiji.52w@st.Streptonigrin Autophagy kyoto-u.ac.jp Investigation Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan; [email protected] Correspondence: [email protected] Present address: Graduate College of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technologies, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan.Citation: Shimada, N.; Munekata, N.; Tsuyama, T.; Matsushita, Y.; Fukushima, K.; Kijidani, Y.; Takabe, K.; Yazaki, K.; Kamei, I. Active Transport of Lignin Precursors into Membrane Vesicles from Lignifying Tissues of Bamboo. Plants 2021, ten, 2237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants10112237 Academic Editor: Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano Received: 1 September 2021 Accepted: 14 October 2021 Published: 20 OctoberAbstract: Lignin could be the second most abundant natural polymer on Earth and is actually a key cell wall element in vascular plants. Lignin biosynthesis has 3 stages: biosynthesis, transport, and polymerization of its precursors. However, there’s limited know-how on lignin precursor transport, in particular in monocots. Within the present study, we aimed to elucidate the transport mode of lignin monomers inside the lignifying tissues of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). The growth manners and lignification processes of bamboo shoots were elucidated, which enabled us to obtain the lignifying tissues reproducibly. Microsomal membrane fractions had been ready from tissues undergoing vigorous lignification to analyze the transport activities of lignin precursors in an effort to show the ATP-dependent transport of coniferin and p-glucocoumaryl alcohol. The transport activities for each precursors rely on vacuolar kind H -ATPase as well as a H gradient across the membrane, suggesting that the electrochemical possible is definitely the driving force in the transport of both substrates. These findings are equivalent towards the transport properties of those lignin precursors within the differentiating xylem of poplar and Japanese cypress. Our findings recommend that transport of coniferin and p-glucocoumaryl alcohol is mediated by secondary active transporters energized partly by the vacuolar sort H -ATPase, which is common in lignifying tissues. The loading of those lignin precursors into endomembrane compartments could contribute to lignification in vascular plants. Keyword phrases: membrane transport; lignification; Phyllostachys pubescens; coniferin; p-glucocoumaryl alcohol; secondary active transportPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Lignin is often a main cell wall element of vascular plants plus the second most abundant all-natural polymer on Earth. Lignin contributes to effective water transport in xylem tissues, plant posture maintenance, and microorganism resistance in vascular plants. Lignin predominantly comprises p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) units, based on the biosynthetic pathway. Lignin biosynthesis consists of 3 steps: the biosynthesis of lignin precursors (lignin monomers) in the cell, tran.
