NA methylation marks follow the continuous technological improvements of DNA methylation studies, which can present tremendous level of information. We illustrate that a lot of the DNA methylation marks described within the literature are typical amongst cancers and that couple of overcome the principal requirements for clinical contribution. Therefore, despite the increasing interest for DNA methylation biomarkers, 1 really should keep attentive to standard clinical requirements to make sure their reliability. Accordingly, over fitting, the use of substantial independent cohorts, and standardization in DNA methylation level assessment have to be accounted for to propose bona fide biomarkers suitable for clinical cancer diagnosis. Acknowledgements We thank Dina Arvanitis (Centre de Biologie du D eloppement, Toulouse) for her essential reading of the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Bird, A. DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev. 2002, 16, 61.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14 2. three. four. 5. six.7.eight.9. 10. 11. 12. 13.14.15. 16. 17. 18. 19.Gopalakrishnan, S.; van Emburgh, B.O.; Robertson, K.D. DNA methylation in development and human disease. Mutat. Res. 2008, 647, 308. Jones, P.A. Functions of DNA methylation: Islands, get started sites, gene bodies and beyond. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2012, 13, 48492. Chen, T.; Li, E. Structure and function of eukaryotic DNA methyltransferases. Curr. Leading. Dev. Biol. 2004, 60, 559. Kinney, S.R.M.; Pradhan, S. Regulation of expression and activity of DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases in mammalian cells. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 2011, 101, 31133. Bachman, K.E.; Rountree, M.R.; Baylin, S.B. Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are transcriptional repressors that exhibit unique localization properties to heterochromatin. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 322822287. Jeong, S.; Liang, G.; Sharma, S.; Lin, J.C.; Choi, S.H.; Han, H.; Yoo, C.B.; Egger, G.; Yang, A.S.; Jones, P.A. Selective anchoring of DNA methyltransferases 3A and 3B to nucleosomes containing methylated DNA.ML-SA1 Neuronal Signaling Mol.Bombesin web Cell.PMID:24732841 Biol. 2009, 29, 5366376. Sharma, S.; de Carvalho, D.D.; Jeong, S.; Jones, P.A.; Liang, G. Nucleosomes containing methylated DNA stabilize DNA methyltransferases 3A/3B and make sure faithful epigenetic inheritance. PLoS Genet. 2011, 7, e1001286. Okano, M.; Bell, D.W.; Haber, D.A.; Li, E. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are crucial for de novo methylation and mammalian improvement. Cell 1999, 99, 24757. Li, E.; Bestor, T.H.; Jaenisch, R. Targeted mutation in the DNA methyltransferase gene outcomes in embryonic lethality. Cell 1992, 69, 91526. Chedin, F.; Lieber, M.R.; Hsieh, C.L. The DNA methyltransferase-like protein DNMT3L stimulates de novo methylation by Dnmt3a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 169166921. Okano, M.; Xie, S.; Li, E. Dnmt2 isn’t expected for de novo and maintenance methylation of viral DNA in embryonic stem cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1998, 26, 2536540. Goll, M.G.; Kirpekar, F.; Maggert, K.A.; Yoder, J.A.; Hsieh, C.L.; Zhang, X.; Golic, K.G.; Jacobsen, S.E.; Bestor, T.H. Methylation of tRNAAsp by the DNA methyltransferase homolog Dnmt2. Science 2006, 311, 39598. Tuorto, F.; Liebers, R.; Musch, T.; Schaefer, M.; Hofmann, S.; Kellner, S.; Frye, M.; Helm, M.; Stoecklin, G.; Lyko, F. RNA cytosine methylation by Dnmt2 and NSun2 promotes tRNA stability and protein synthesis. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2012, 19, 90005. Jurkowski, T.P.; Shanmugam, R.; Helm, M.; Jeltsch, A. Mapping the tRNA binding site around the surface of human.
