Egion [38,43]. When it comes to each and every season, the precipitation in spring and autumn is frequently above 100 mm, the precipitation in summer season can reach 400 mm, and also the precipitation in winter is about 50 mm [45]. The topography inclines from the north and south, having a huge elevation disparity in various districts. The northwest and middle are dominated by hills and low mountains, and the southeast is mainly higher mountains, with the mountains and hills account for 76 and 22 of land regions, respective [45]. The complex landform affects nearby atmospheric circulation and high probabilities of flooding and several kinds of geological disasters [37], exactly where flooding could very first occur in March and end in November, primarily concentrated from June to September [44]. The Yangtze River, Jialing River and Wujiang River flow via Chongqing, with an average annual total water resource of about 50 billion m3 [45].Figure 1. Geographical place and distribution of meteorological stations in Chongqing.two.2. Data Analysis Each day precipitation data from 1991019 was recorded from 34 meteorological stations inside Chongqing and has been effectively quality-controlled and compiled by the China Meteorological Data Service Centre (http://data.cma.cn, accessed on 28 June 2021). The geographical distribution of meteorological stations is presented in Figure 1. rainfall in the study region is characterized as having inter-seasonal and inter-annual variation, with most rainfall occurring from Might to October (Figure two). Thinking about varying rainfall magnitudes below various climatic circumstances, the study attempted to apply interpolation tactics to three rainfall scenarios, such as annual precipitation, rainy-season precipitation andAtmosphere 2021, 12,five ofdry-season precipitation based around the calculated daily precipitation from 1991 to 2019, which collects a mean on the multi-year typical. The time spacing of rainy and dry season adopted was determined as May perhaps to October for the rainy season and November to April for the dry season based on the time series of mean month-to-month precipitation over the calendar year; the difference in rainfall illustrated in Figure two.Figure 2. Monthly imply rainfall spanning from 1991 to 2019 as well as the distinction amongst rainy and dry season in accumulated rainfall.three. Methodology three.1. Spatial Interpolation Strategies 3.1.1. Inverse 4-Aminosalicylic acid Protocol distance Weighting (IDW) The inverse distance weighting (IDW) approach uses the inverse distance as a weighting aspect and depends upon the Cartesian quarters on the target station [21]. It utilizes a mixture of linear weights of recognized points to determine the variable values of unknown data points, with the weights provided to observations at recognized places that happen to be inversely Diflubenzuron Epigenetics proportional towards the distance amongst these points plus the location for which unknown values are estimated [46]. IDW hypothesizes that every observation point includes a particular local influence, which diminishes with rising distance, i.e., observations closer to the estimated location have higher influence on the estimated worth. The primary limitations of this approach will be the arbitrary choice of the weighting exponent along with the non-consideration on the sampling scheme inside the process [47],using the calculation formula of IDW is often expressed as Equation (1): ^ z ( s0 ) =i =wi z ( s i )n(1)^ where z(s0 ) is the estimated worth of interpolation points s0 , z(si ) will be the observed worth of identified point si , n will be the number of observation points, wi is weight of know.
